PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN A PARTICULAR SECONDARY SCHOOL

Abstract

This quantitative survey research aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in a specified school in Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was designed and administered to a sample of 120 respondents, adopting a convenient sampling technique. The data collected were presented and analyzed using SPSS27, and hypotheses were tested using the t-test method. The findings revealed a notable awareness among students regarding the prevalence of psychoactive substance use within their school community. Socio-demographic factors, including age, gender, and socio-economic status, were identified as significant contributors to substance use behaviors among secondary school students. Psychosocial factors, such as peer influence and family dynamics, were found to play a crucial role in the initiation and continuation of substance use. The adoption of a one-sample t-test confirmed the statistical significance of these findings. In conclusion, the study contributes valuable insights into the perceptions and factors influencing psychoactive substance use among Nigerian secondary school students. The prevalence of awareness and varying degrees of agreement among respondents underscores the complex nature of the issue. The identified socio-demographic and psychosocial factors provide a nuanced understanding of the contextual influences on substance use behaviors. Recommendations include the implementation of targeted educational programs, peer-led initiatives, and the establishment of support services to address the identified factors comprehensively. This study holds implications for the development of evidence-based policies and programs within secondary schools in Nigeria, fostering a healthier and more supportive environment for students. The utilization of SPSS27 and the t-test methodology enhances the rigor and precision of the study's quantitative analysis, contributing to the methodological repertoire in researching substance use among adolescents in educational settings.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The issue of psychoactive substance use among adolescents in secondary schools is a growing concern in Nigeria, as it poses significant challenges to the health and well-being of the youth (Abdulkarim, Mokuolu, & Adeniyi, 2021). This study aims to explore the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use within the context of a specific secondary school in Nigeria, utilizing insights from recent research studies conducted in the country.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among Nigerian secondary school students, encompassing substances such as alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and various illicit drugs (Adelekan, 2019). The consequences of substance use on academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being among students underscore the urgency of a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence and associated factors within the Nigerian secondary school system.

Sociodemographic factors play a crucial role in influencing psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria (Igwe et al., 2019). Family environment is another critical factor influencing substance use among Nigerian adolescents (Abiodun et al., 2019). In addition to sociodemographic factors, psychosocial influences contribute to the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among Nigerian secondary school students (Adelekan & Odejide, 2019).

Addressing the growing concern of psychoactive substance use among adolescents in Nigerian secondary schools requires a multifaceted approach (Fatoye & Morakinyo, 2022). The findings from these studies emphasize the need for targeted interventions that consider sociodemographic factors, family dynamics, and psychosocial influences (Adelekan et al., 2020). Continuous monitoring and research are essential to adapt interventions to the evolving landscape of substance use among Nigerian youth (Abdool, Sulliman, & Dhannoo, 2020). By understanding the prevalence and associated factors, stakeholders can work towards creating a supportive environment that promotes the health and well-being of Nigerian secondary school students.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The escalating prevalence of psychoactive substance use among adolescents in Nigerian secondary schools has emerged as a pressing societal concern (Abdulkarim, Mokuolu, & Adeniyi, 2021). This phenomenon, encompassing substances like alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and illicit drugs, presents a multifaceted challenge to the well-being and future prospects of the youth (Adelekan, 2019). The consequences of substance use extend beyond immediate health effects, impacting academic performance, mental health, and overall socio-economic development (Fatoye & Morakinyo, 2022).

Despite the recognized significance of this issue, there exists a notable gap in comprehensive research specific to Nigerian secondary schools. Existing studies, such as the one conducted by Adelekan (2019), have shed light on the prevalence of substance use among adolescents but do not provide a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing these patterns within the school setting. This lack of detailed investigation hampers the development of targeted and effective intervention strategies tailored to the unique sociodemographic and psychosocial dynamics of Nigerian secondary schools.

The sociodemographic landscape plays a crucial role in shaping substance use patterns (Igwe et al., 2019). Factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic status influence the likelihood of engagement in substance use behaviors among students. Furthermore, the family environment, as highlighted by Abiodun et al. (2019), significantly contributes to the substance use patterns observed among Nigerian adolescents. The interplay of these factors within the specific context of secondary schools demands focused attention for a holistic understanding of the problem.

In light of these considerations, this study seeks to address the following gaps: a lack of detailed exploration into the prevalence and types of psychoactive substances used among students in a specific Nigerian secondary school, a limited understanding of the sociodemographic factors influencing substance use, and an insufficient examination of the psychosocial dynamics contributing to initiation and continuation of substance use within the school environment. By addressing these gaps, the study aims to provide valuable insights that can inform evidence-based policies and interventions to curb the rising tide of substance use among Nigerian secondary school students.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. To determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students in a particular secondary school in Nigeria.

2. To identify the socio-demographic factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Nigeria.

3. To explore the psychosocial factors influencing the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

To guide the investigation, the study addresses the following research questions:

1. What is the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria?

2. How do socio-demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socio-economic status, contribute to the use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Nigeria?

3. What psychosocial factors influence the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The study tests the following hypotheses:

Null Hypotheses(H₀):

1. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

2. Socio-demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socio-economic status, are not significantly associated with the use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Nigeria.

3. Psychosocial factors, including peer influence, family environment, and mental health, do not significantly influence the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

Alternative Hypotheses(H₁):

1. There is a significant difference in the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

2. Socio-demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socio-economic status, are significantly associated with the use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Nigeria.

3. Psychosocial factors, including peer influence, family environment, and mental health, significantly influence the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Comprehending the prevalence and determinants of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria holds significant importance for various compelling reasons. Firstly, a nuanced understanding of the current situation within a specific school context is crucial for crafting targeted interventions that resonate with the unique cultural and social fabric of Nigeria. The diversity of substance use patterns and contributing factors necessitates interventions that are not only effective but also culturally sensitive, acknowledging the contextual nuances that shape adolescents' behaviors (Abdulkarim, Mokuolu, & Adeniyi, 2021).

Secondly, the insights garnered from this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge on adolescent substance use in Nigeria. By expanding our understanding of the prevalence and associated factors, the study adds valuable data to the pool of information available to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. This, in turn, facilitates the development of evidence-based policies and programs tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by Nigerian secondary school students (Adelekan et al., 2020). A more comprehensive and informed approach to substance use prevention and intervention can be crafted, addressing the unique circumstances of the Nigerian youth.

Lastly, the outcomes of the study will serve as a vital resource for educators, parents, and policymakers. By identifying the key factors associated with substance use among secondary school students, the study equips stakeholders with actionable information. Educators can implement targeted educational programs, parents can engage in more informed discussions with their children, and policymakers can design interventions that holistically address the identified challenges. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to the creation of a healthier and more supportive environment for Nigerian secondary school students, fostering their well-being and future prospects within the educational system and society at large.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on a particular secondary school in Nigeria, limiting the scope to this specific educational setting. The research covers the prevalence and factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances among students within this Nigerian school. The choice of a single institution allows for an in-depth examination of the school's unique characteristics and the dynamics influencing substance use among its students in the Nigerian context.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and consistency, the following terms are operationally defined within the context of this study:

Psychoactive Substances: For the purpose of this study, psychoactive substances refer to drugs or substances that alter an individual's mood, perception, or behavior, including but not limited to alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and illicit drugs, within the Nigerian context.

Prevalence: The extent or frequency of psychoactive substance use among students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria during a defined period.

Socio-demographic Factors: These include age, gender, and socio-economic status, which are examined to understand their association with psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria.

Psychosocial Factors: Influences such as peer relationships, family environment, and mental health that impact the initiation and continuation of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in the specified secondary school in Nigeria.

Secondary School in Nigeria: An educational institution in Nigeria providing education to students typically aged between 12 and 18 years.

Initiation: The first-time engagement in the use of psychoactive substances by a student within the Nigerian context.

Continuation: The sustained and ongoing use of psychoactive substances by a student after initiation within the Nigerian context.

Family Environment: The social and emotional atmosphere within the family in Nigeria, including parental relationships, communication patterns, and support structures.